1.     Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: Symptoms include:

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• Making careless mistakes in schoolwork or other activities.

• Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities.

• Not seeming to listen when spoken to directly.

• Not following through on instructions and failing to finish schoolwork or chores.

• Difficulty organising tasks and activities.

• Avoiding, disliking, or being reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort.

• Losing things necessary for tasks and activities.

• Being easily distracted by extraneous stimuli.

• Being forgetful in daily activities.

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2.    Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation: Symptoms include:

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• Fidgeting with or tapping hands or feet or squirming in your seat.

• Leaving a seat in situations when remaining seated is expected.

• Running or climbing in situations where it is inappropriate.

• Unable to play or engage in leisure activities quietly.

• Being "on the go," acting as if "driven by a motor."

• Talking excessively.

• Blurting out answers before questions have been completed.

• Having difficulty waiting for their turn.

• Interrupting or intruding on others.

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3.     Combined Presentation:

 

• This is a combination of symptoms from both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive presentations.

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Causes and Risk Factors

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The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors is believed to contribute to the disorder. Risk factors include:

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• Genetics: ADHD tends to run in families, suggesting a hereditary component.

• Environmental Factors: Exposure to toxins during pregnancy, low birth weight, and prenatal exposure to alcohol or tobacco smoke have been linked to the development of ADHD.

• Brain Structure and Function: Differences in brain structure, activity, and neurotransmitter levels have been observed in individuals with ADHD.

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Treatment

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Treatment for ADHD often includes a combination of therapies:

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1.     Medication: Stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate, amphetamines) are commonly prescribed and are effective in reducing symptoms in many individuals. Non-stimulant medications (e.g., atomoxetine, guanfacine) may also be used.

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2.     Behavioural Therapy: This includes strategies to manage behaviour, improve organisational skills, and enhance focus and self-control.

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3.     Psychoeducation: Education about ADHD for the individual and their family can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

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4.     School-Based Interventions: Special education services, classroom accommodations, and individualised education programs (IEPs) can support academic performance.

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5.     Lifestyle Changes: Regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and adequate sleep can also help manage symptoms.

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Impact

ADHD can affect many areas of life, including:

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• Academic Performance: Children with ADHD may struggle in school, leading to lower grades and higher rates of dropout.

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• Workplace: Adults with ADHD may have difficulty with job performance and maintaining employment.

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• Relationships: Impulsivity and inattention can strain relationships with family, friends, and colleagues.

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• Self-Esteem: Ongoing challenges and frequent criticism can lead to lower self-esteem and increased risk of mental health issues like anxiety and depression.

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Despite these challenges, many individuals with ADHD develop effective strategies to manage their symptoms and lead successful, fulfilling lives. Early intervention, support, and tailored treatment plans are crucial in helping individuals with ADHD reach their full potential.

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